Micro Electronics

Microelectronics

Through the 1980's and into the 1990's, the variety of products being built with electronic components increased, and the use of electronic control devices led to greater automation. Microelectronics led to the development of new technologies, such as digital audio recording; to the introduction of new products, such as personal computers; and to the reduction in the size of portable telephones and many other electronic products

Voltage Regulation

A voltage regulator is used to help keep the output voltage at a desired level. A simple type of voltage regulator consists of a resistor in series with and a zener diode in parallel with the output of the power supply. The diode is used with a reverse bias above its breakdown voltage so that it will conduct a reverse current. In this mode of operation, a very small change in voltage across the diode causes a very large change in the current through the diode. Should the voltage at the input to the regulator increase, the diode conducts more current and the current  through the resistor increases. This action increases the voltage drop across the resistor in such a way that the voltage at the output remains the same.

Power Supplies

A device that supplies electricity to an electric circuit is called a power supply. Portable electronic devices are typically powered by batteries, which provide direct current. Household current is alternating current, and the power supply of electronic equipment designed to operate on household current must convert it into direct current. In addition, the power supply provides the current at one or more specific voltages

Filtering

The output signal produced by the full-wave rectifier is a DC voltage, but it pulsates. To be useful, this signal must be smoothed out to produce a constant voltage at the output. A simple circuit for filtering the signal is one in which a capacitor is in parallel with the output. With this arrangement, the capacitor becomes charged as the voltage of the signal produced by the rectifier increases.

electronics and mobile

 

A mobile phone

A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a device that can make and receive telephone calls over a radio link whilst moving around a wide geographic area. It does so by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile phone operator, allowing access to the public telephone network. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the short range of a single, private base station

Electronic hobbyists these days have to buy their parts online. Even in large cities, large parts distributors have closed their doors to walk-in customers, dealing only with online orders. Below is a selection of the best parts suppliers, with ratings

Environmental record

In the Guide the company scored badly on the Energy criteria, being criticized for setting a weak target for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and not making renewable energy part of its low carbon strategy. LG scored most points in the Sustainable Operations category with the company providing take-back for obsolete phones in 52 countries and being in the process of addressing the issue of conflict minerals. 

However, the guide warned that LG risks incurring a penalty point in future editions as it was still being listed as a client of Asia Pulp and Paper (APP) who have been linked to illegal logging and deforestation in Indonesia

The most commonly used data application on mobile phones is SMS text messaging. The first SMS text message was sent from a computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in the UK, while the first person-to-person SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland in 1993.

The first mobile news service, delivered via SMS, was launched in Finland in 2000. Mobile news services are expanding with many organizations providing "on-demand" news services by SMS. Some also provide "instant" news pushed out by SMS.

A driver placing a call

Mobile phone use

Mobile phone use while driving is common, but dangerous. Due to the number of accidents that are related to cell phone use while driving, some jurisdictions have made the use of a cell phone while driving illegal. Others have enacted laws to ban handheld mobile phone use, but allow use of a handsfree device. In some cases restrictions are only directed to minors or those who are newly qualified license holders.

Digital radio

HD Radio technology is new. It allows digital information to be broadcast along the same channels as  radio. The system allows listeners to enjoy CD-quality sound and virtually eliminates the static, signal fading, and pops typical of traditional radio. 

The technology also provides a platform for new data services, such as song and artist information, weather services, and traffic alerts. And best of all, it's FREE for consumers.

While stations are only now in the process of converting, more come online every week. Is your station on in digital? How do you listen to it? For answers to these andMore stations come online every week, and new technologies like multicasting are starting to be offered.

Multicasting technology allows stations to broadcast multiple program streams from the same digital transmitter - imagine your favorite NPR station providing continuous news on one channel and your favorite music on a new multicast channel. All you need is a new digital radio and to tune to a public radio station providing multicast programs in your area. Check out the links below for the latest receiver and station information. It's the best of both worlds and it's free!

Radio propagation is also affected by several other factors determined by its path from point to point. This path can be a direct line of sight path or an over-the-horizon path aided by refraction in the ionosphere, which is a region between approximately 60 and 600 km. Factors influencing ionospheric radio signal propagation can include sporadic-E, spread-F, solar flares, geomagnetic storms, ionospheric layer tilts, and solar proton events.

Diffraction

 Diffraction depends on the relationship between  the size of the obstacle. In other words, the size of the obstacle in wavelengths. Lower frequencies diffract around large smooth obstacles such as hills more easily. For example, in many cases where VHF  communication is not possible due to shadowing by a hill, one finds that it is still possible to communicate using the upper part of the HF band where the surface wave is of little use

In order to receive radio signals, for instance from AM/FM radio stations, a radio antenna must be used. However, since the antenna will pick up thousands of radio signals at a time, a radio tuner is necessary  to a particular frequency or frequency range. This is typically done via a resonator in its simplest form, a circuit with a capacitor and an inductor.

The resonator is configured to resonate at a particular frequency or frequency band, thus amplifying sine waves at that radio frequency, while ignoring other sine waves. Usually, either the inductor or the capacitor of the resonator is adjustable, allowing the user to change the frequency at which it resonates

Working with digital pictures

Working with digital pictures

view, organize, and print Photo printing once required a darkroom or a professional photo lab—not to mention advanced training. But in the last decade, digital cameras and computers have revolutionized the field of photography, making it possible for anyone to print photos at home. In this article, you'll learn how the tools in Windows can help you your digital pictures.

Getting pictures from

your camera into your computer

Most digital cameras store pictures on a  memory card or a Secure Digital (SD) card. When you're ready to view, organize, or print your pictures, you'll need to import the pictures to your computer. Then you can erase the pictures on the memory card and use it to take a new batch of pictures.

There are two main ways to import pictures:

Connect the camera directly. You can import pictures by connecting the camera directly to your computer using a universal serial bus (USB) cable. With this method, your camera must be turned on, so importing pictures will use up some battery power. You'll also need to keep the cable handy if you import pictures regularly.USB cableUse a memory card reader. The fastest way to import pictures is to use a memory card reader. 

Remove the memory card from your camera, slide it into the card reader, and then plug the card reader into your computer's USB port. Many computers have built-in card readers, allowing you to slide memory cards directly into the computer.

Memory card reader

Whichever method you choose, Windows should automatically recognize your camera or card reader when you plug it into your computer.

Then, follow these steps:In the Autoplay dialog box, click Import pictures plug a camera into your computer or insert a memory card into a card reader

After Windows locates your pictures, you're asked if you want to create a tag (a word or a short phrase that describes the group) for the pictures you're importing. If you do, type the tag name in the Tag these pictures (optional) box. If the pictures being imported don't have any single characteristic in common, skip this step. 

You can always add tags to individual pictures later (see Organizing and finding your pictures" in this articleand videos using Windows. Windows will locate the pictures (and any video files) on your memory card.This dialog box appears when you

Working with your pictures

After your pictures are in your computer, you will probably want to work with them. You can view several pictures on a single screen, view a single picture at full size, rotate your pictures, and see them in a slide show.

Touchscreen display computer

Product Details

Brand: Garmin Model: 010-00810-25 Format: CD-ROM Number of items: 1 Dimensions: 3.40" h x 5.40 Displaysize: 5

 Features

Sunlight-readable, 5-inch backlit TFT color touchscreen display with 480 x 272 WQVGA pixel resolution Preloaded City Navigator® NT North America (U.S. and Canada)

Free lifetime map and traffic updates for the most up-to-date maps, POIs, and navigation info, along with constantly updated traffic information

Advanced navigation features including voice-prompted turn-by-turn directions, lane assist with junction view, fuel-saving ecoRoute

Includes travel tools such as JPEG picture viewer, world travel clock, currency/measurement converters, calculator and more

Editorial Reviews

See the big, wide world with the large screen nüvi 1450LMT. It offers free Lifetime Maps and Traffic, multiple-point routing, lane assist with junction view to guide you through busy highway interchanges, pedestrian routing options and ecoRoute to find the most fuel-efficient route. available for download up to 4 times a year. Both features are ready to go, right out of the box, with no subscription or update fees and no expiration dates.

See Even More

It's easy to see where you're going on nüvi 1450LMT's 5-inch touchscreen display. View map detail, driving directions, photos and more in bright, brilliant color. With its big, bold display, you won't miss a thing.

Navigate City Transit

With its enhanced pedestrian navigation capabilities, nüvi 1450LMT is the perfect travel companion for getting around town. Download optional cityXplorer content to help you navigate city public transit. Know where to walk, where to catch the bus, subway, tram or other transportation and how long it will take to get there. cityXplorer maps are available for select cities throughout North America and Europe. And with prices as low as $9.99, you'll have money left over to spend in the big city

What's in the Box

nüvi 1450; Preloaded City Navigator NT North America (U.S & Canada); Lifetime Maps and Traffic; FM Traffic Receiver With Vehicle Power Cable; Vehicle Suction Cup Mount; USB cable; Dashboard Disc; Quick Start Manual

Customer Reviews

Most helpful customer reviews

The screen is impressive, while going from 4.3 to 5 does not sound like much it is really amazing how much more map and information that fits well on the screen. The screen itself is anti-glare that works, and very bright if you want it, I have the brightness at 60% and that is fine even in bright sunlight. The images are very crisp and clear, street names and such are auto-sized to not obstruct the map but big enough to read easily. The volume when it is reading out direction is also outstanding, so loud I have it also on 60%. So a solid 5 Stars on the screen and voice volume, as well as the pronunciation of the street names!

Snap-on Rubber

Product Description

This snap-on rubber coated case keeps your Apple iPhone 4 AT&T / Verizon safe and protected in style. Snap on rubber coated case adds a splash of color and provides protection from scratches.Allows easy access to all buttons, controls and ports. 

Material: Hard plastic case with rubber coating.Type: Non-OEM / Aftermarket. Color: Hot Pink / Black.Size: Perfect fit. Accessory ONLY, phone not included. Apple iPod®, iPhone®, or iPad are registered trademarks of Apple, Inc. Products are Apple compatible and not endorsed by Apple, Inc.Compatible With Apple®:iPhone 4AT&T 16GB /32GB. iPhone 4-Verizon 16GB /32GB.                                                                                                                                                                       

 Product Details

Amazon Sales Rank: 4 in Consumer Electronics Color: Pink / Black Brand: Snap-on Dimensions: 3.00 Features

This snap-on rubber coated case keeps your Apple  iPhone 4 AT&T / Verizon safe and protected in style. Snap on rubber coated case adds a splash of color and provides protection from scratches.

Allows easy access to all buttons, controls and ports. Material: Hard plstic case with rubber coating.Type: Non-OEM / 

Aftermarket. Color: Hot Pink / Black.

Size: Perfect fit. Accessory ONLY, phone not included. Apple iPod®, iPhone, or iPad  areregisteredtrademarks of Apple, Inc. Products are Apple compatible and not endorsed by Apple, Inc.                

Customer Reviews

The cover fits nicely on my IPhone 4S for sprint. It looks nice with the white IPhone. But it does interfere with the Camera flash. It makes the pictures have a pinkish tint. So unless you don't take pictures that require flash then I would not recommend this case. By Shakema Brinson
It fits well, and it's good grip. Nice case for the iPhone 4, but it's an very bright hot pink, if you love pink this is the case for u. It fits either Verizon/AT&T b/c of the slots. I have the Verizon version.

hought i liked it until i took a picture 

By scabral04
i have the iphone 4s verizon. i love the case but when i took a picture with flash. the back of the case is in the way. so the picture has a funny color.

Holder for iPhone

Product Description

I Ottie  Easy Flex car mount holder is designed with functionality as the main focus. iOttie Easy-Flex  windshield mount is extremely compact, has a super strong suction cup that will stick to any glass surface. The holder base and the bracket arm rotate 360 degree for virtually any position that is needed. It can be mounted in less than a minute and is also heat resistant. Rather your phone has a skin or a case on, big or small; it will hold your phone in place and allow you to adjust the angle any desired direction.

Customer Reviews 

Most helpful customer reviews

I bought this phone holder for my Razr and was so happy to open the little box it came in, this item is very simple to use and very space friendly, doesn't clutter your dashboard or windshield, it does what it is supposed to do without being in your way, easy to mount, no screws no bruise. If you want to be able to see your phone instead of the holder then this is it. Happy with this purchase. 

Ok..I've been using amazon for more than 5 years, and i have probably bought more than 500 items, but this is the first time i spend some minutes to leave a review because it really deserves it..I bought this iphone holder not so confident of what i would receive 

Because there was no feedback at all, i guess it has been just introduced to the market..but i thought, well somebody has to take the risk, i just got it..I have an iphone 4S and my car is a new ford mustang, so i wanted to buy a holder that did not affect the look of my car, in fact, i wanted it to make it look better 

Product Details

Multi-angle rotation, easy adjustment for optimal viewing You can hang your cell phone in your car with any position you prefer, turn any angle, bends different shape

360 degree rotation in all direction. Adjustable width Size:

Extra large suction cup fastens securely to the windshield and the dash mount. Please press hard on the base of the mount while rotating the suction lock. For dash mount installation, please follow the enclosed instructions carefully.